1. Introduction Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. (Syn. Lisianthus russellianus) is a seed propagated ornamental flower, 洋桔梗是一種種子繁殖觀賞花.
produced worldwide and introduced to Norway about 10 years ago. 生產遍及全球地大約在10年之前由挪威引進.
It is a North American wild flower, 它是一朵北美原野花 native to central and southern US and mainly inhabits the moist prairies from Nebraska to Colorado and Texas (Shinners, 1957; Wood and Weaver, 1982; Halevy and Kofranek, 1984). 生長在美國中央和南方 而且主要原產地於從內布拉斯加到科羅拉多和德克薩斯的潮溼的草原 Eustoma has been a very popular cut flower because of its floral colours and long vase life and is a leading cut flower in Japan (Takeda, 1994; Hisamatsu et al., 1998). 洋桔梗是非常受歡迎的切花.因為花的顏色和長久的瓶插壽命.在日本一向是切花中的主角. Eustoma is now available all year round by using selected cultivars grown in appropriate climatic conditions.At present, however, Eustoma 現在 可藉由使用被栽種的挑選的栽培品種在適當的氣候上一整年生長。目前，然而， pot culture of Eustoma is not as significant as cut flowers (Bradley et al., 2000; Ohkawa and Sasaki, 1999). In Norway, 盆栽栽培不像切花一樣的重要，
a year round greenhouse cut flower production of Eustoma is achieved by supplementing light with high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS). 一整年在溫室內靠HPS鈉氣燈獲得光線達到切花生產的目的 Due to the complex response to photoperiod of Eustoma cultivars, 由於Eustoma栽培品種對光週期複雜的反應. it has been classified differently, 它已經被不同分類
both as day-neutral plant (Azrak, 1984; Halevy and Kofranek, 1984) and as a quantitative long-day plant (Tsukada et al., 1982; Grueber et al., 1984; Roh et al., 1989). 兩者當做中日型植物 長日型植物 Growth of Eustoma, crop time and flower quality are affected by light intensity and day length (Corr and Katz, 1997). Eustoma生長過程. 種植時間和花的品質. 受到光強度和日長效應影響.
At seedling stage, growth rate of Eustoma is very slow and requires 50–140 days from germination to transplanting (Matsuo and Shirasaki, 1990; Harbaugh, 1995) and totally about 22–28 weeks from seeding to anthesis of the terminal flower bud (Halevy and Kofranek, 1984; Roh and Lawson, 1984). 在幼苗階段， Eustoma 的成長非常慢從發芽到移植需要 50-140 天. 從撥種到最後花芽形成一直開花期大約22–28周. Recently, Zaccai and Edri (2002) have reported a direct effect of photoperiod on floral transition in Eustoma as well as a promoting effect of high temperature.
報告指出光週期直接的影響花的變化以及高溫能促進效果
As light is one of the most important climatic factors in floral development and growth of Eustoma, it is important in commercial production to know how the flower initiation 在花的生長過程中光對洋桔梗是一種非常重要的氣候因子. 在商業生產上知道花芽分化是很重要的. and development are affected by photoperiod and light integrals. 生長受到光週期和光強度的影響. Traditionally, appearance of visible flower buds and time to first open flower along with the number of nodes to first flower are often used to indicate the effect of the environment on the flowering process (Mastalerz, 1977). 傳統上， 明顯花芽的外觀 和時間與第一朵花開始跟的莖節的數量一起經常被用來表明環境對開花的過程的影響 The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of light integral on floral initiation and development and subsequent growth of Eustoma. 目前研究的目的在於了解光強度對花之創始的影響和成長以及後來的生長 In addition, 另外
we included different time periods in short day (SD) before transfer to long day (LD) to see how plant age is related to the effect of day length on flowering. 在SD 在轉移到(LD)之前 包括不同的時期 看出植物株齡與日長效應對開花有關的影響
The present study describes an experiment performed in 2001. 目前的研究描述一個實驗在2001年進行
The results of preliminary studies in January–May 2000 were similar to those in 2001 and therefore not included. 在Januaryay 2000的初步的研究的結果在2001年類似於那些，因此不包括。
